Diplomacy in Writing, Deterrence in Action: U.S. and Iran Engage in a ‘He Said-She Said’ Battle of Messages and Military Threats

Abstract

Amidst a standoff marked by sanctions and sabre-rattling, Tehran has responded to US President Donald Trump’s letter on nuclear negotiations, signalling a narrow diplomatic opening —but conditions apply. As both sides trade ultimatums and threats of force, the urgency for a deal and the risk of a conflict are greater than ever.

_{Disclaimer: This Issue Brief was originally written in April 2025 and does not include information on the latest developments since.}