Abstract
The character of warfare is undergoing a fundamental transformation driven by rapid advances in artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, precision-guided munitions, and networked surveillance technologies. Enhanced detection capabilities, AI-enabled decision-making, commercial satellite constellations, and the proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have significantly reduced the possibility of achieving tactical surprise while increasing the vulnerability of conventional weapon platforms. The ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict has demonstrated that drones have become indispensable instruments of modern warfare, reshaping operational doctrines, imposing persistent attrition, and compelling the development of layered counter-drone capabilities. Simultaneously, the evolution of integrated air defence systems has altered the employment of air power, with long-range precision strikes, cruise missiles, glide bombs, and stand-off weapons increasingly replacing traditional deep-penetration missions. India’s experience during Operation Sindoor further illustrates this doctrinal shift, highlighting the transition from forward air operations to long-range precision engagement in response to advanced adversary air defence networks.
