The book titled ‘India’s National Security Challenges’ edited by Mr N N Vohra comprises 10 chapters authored by eminent personalities from the military and strategic community. The inclusion of perspective of practitioners and veterans reflects a commitment to incorporating firsthand expertise and insights to the discourse. These professionals possess invaluable experience that is indispensable in understanding the challenges and formulating strategies. This book has given an opportunity to retired admirals, chiefs and other military personnel to express themselves freely, even if it meant using strong language at times (viii). This approach not only enriches the dialogue but also enhances the relevance and applicability of the book.
Indeed, national security remains a paramount concern for India given its size, diversity and geographical challenges. The book addresses two main concerns; the first is related to understanding the national security policy of the country. In order to do this, it is necessary to delineate roles and responsibilities between the central government and the States in the administration of national security matters (p.2-6). In the first chapter, Mr. N N Vohra makes the argument that State governments are closest to the people they govern and are intimately aware of the cultural and religious sensitivities of the various communities whose welfare they are mandated to promote. The National Security Policy would need to focus on the high responsibility of the States not only to maintain peace and normalcy but to also provide good governance (p. 22). In his chapter, Commodore Uday Bhasker reinforces Mr. Vohra’s argument by emphasising that India’s internal and external security are now intertwined and overlap in areas like cybercrimes and state-sponsored terrorism. While the centre will continue to have the primary responsibility for national security, individual States can make a significant contribution in specific niches (p. 73).
The book suggests an urgent need for an all-encompassing national security strategy that goes beyond the current disjointed approach, which is typified by separate silos within different government organisations. In the absence of such a policy, decisions are made on the whim of the moment and are insufficient to handle long-term strategic challenges.
The chapter on internal security by Ajay Sahni discusses how it affects national defence. He highlights the risks associated with lopsided, non-inclusive growth in the country and the polarising politics that “exploits every division— communal, caste, regional, economic, and class” (p. 44). When combined with the declining “integrity and autonomy of state institutions,” this presents an obvious threat to the nation as a whole (p. 45). He has demanded significant funding for security, intelligence, and the administration of justice in order to address the problems.
Another issue that this book deliberates upon is the role and operational clarity of the Chief of Defense Staff (CDS). Mr. Vohra is of the view that CDS is not vested with any operational ability. He suggests that CDS will be able to perform fruitfully only after the entire range of vital Command and Staff issues relating to his roles and responsibilities are resolved (p. 18). While there is agreement on the importance of jointness and integration among the services, there is a lack of consensus on the operational responsibilities of the CDS (p. 80). This ambiguity hampers effective decision-making and command structure within the defence establishment.
The book also touches upon the challenges of theaterization and jointness, essential for enhancing operational efficiency and deterrence capabilities. However, there is an acknowledgement within the book that these reforms require decisive political leadership to overcome resistance and pushback from stakeholders (p. 78). Achieving jointness and integration among the armed forces is crucial but challenging. Historically, they have operated independently, necessitating efforts to foster cooperation and joint operations. This requires not only structural changes but also a shift in mindset and culture within military and political leadership.
Admiral Arun Prakash is of the view that along with jointness, there has to be civil military integration, which we have not managed to achieve in the last 70 years, with Ministry of Defence entirely manned by civilians and the service headquarter by Uniformed people, who he says only speak to each on files (p. 85). Admiral Prakash argues for ensuring CDS and Defence Secretary have the same status. It is important to note that there are differences in perspectives among the civil and military officials regarding the role of MoD and DMA. The call for professionalism and accountability resonates throughout the book.
Late Gen Bipin Rawat (at that time CDS), in his chapter focuses on the rise of China and possibility of two front war. He recommends transformation and ensuring that national security architecture is capable of dealing with the kind of threats India faces on its borders, as also the internal security threats that are emerging (p. 100). Gen Rawat highlights that a war is not just related to security of borders, it includes food and health security as well. Therefore, it is to be ensured that the economy is protected. In the light changing nature of warfare and geopolitical dynamics, India must prioritise defence modernisation and reform.
Also, there is a discussion on the broader societal implications of national defence, with arguments of striking a balance between militarisation and civilianisation. While absolute security is desirable, excessive militarisation can lead to societal tensions and insecurity.
In conclusion, the book offers a careful examination of issues related to national security, supporting both a thorough policy framework and strategic direction while also recognising the obstacles linked to implementation and institutional roles. The book stands out because it avoids the common mistake seen in many national security books, which tend to merely list threats and propose solutions based on current buzzwords, often quickly becoming outdated. Instead, it delves into fundamental issues of national security and defence management, addressing their long-term strategic impact. One clear takeaway from this book is the noticeable absence of Indian politicians from the conversations and deliberations concerning security challenges. It appears that the political class has adeptly shifted the burden of responsibility onto the military.
