Why is Iraqi Kurdistan Strategic for India?
India is one of the largest importers of oil and petroleum products across the globe. Being a developing nation and with a population of approximately over 1.2 billion, the demand for crude oil and allied products is at its peak. As a prudent consumer of oil, India is dependent on the West Asian countries for crude oil, gas and petroleum products for decades. The shifts in the price of crude oil would directly affect the Indian economy in various dimensions. Iraq has been a priority importer of oil to India overriding Saudi Arabia many times over the last few years. India has recently showed interest in purchasing oil directly from the Iraqi Kurdistan region[i].
Kurdish Oil in Demand
The Kurdistan Region of Iraq is known for its large oil reserves and production. The region possesses around one-third of the total oil production in Iraq[ii]. Although the region is a disputed territory in Iraq, the social and economic factors play a crucial role in Kurdish nationalism in the northern -resources rich- ancient Mesopotamia. The distribution of oil resources and discoveries and the ones yet to be discovered is clearly shown in the map below (Figure 1). It is evident that Iraqi Kurdistan has almost 14 areas blocked with discoveries, 11 areas explored with development plans that are yet to be implemented and many other unexplored regions[iii]. However, the regional government of Kurdistan has shown a single-minded interest over a period of time in inviting foreign delegations to invest in the region and for furthering trade relations not only in oil but also for business in various other domains including agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Pre and Post-referendum period (2017) Iraqi Kurdistan encountered certain troubles with the Islamic State’s (ISIS) intrusion and regional instability. In the latter half of 2018, it is observed that companies from various developing nations have shown interest in their economy and the region consistently exports approximately around 10.2 million barrels monthly[iv]. The Ministry of Natural resources of the Kurdistan regional government in November 2018 mentioned that they have upgraded their export capacity by 42.85 percent from 700,000 barrels to 1 million barrels per day[v]. This gives the impression that Iraqi Kurdistan has the potential to become a competitive investment hub in West Asia in the near future.
India’s Future Trade Partner in Making
For decades, India has been economically dependent on the West Asian nations. The contribution of Indian immigrants to the region is commendable as the country receives a large amount of foreign exchange yearly. Adding to it, India is one of the largest importers of oil and allied products which naturally makes oil a strategic component to sustain the economy. According to the Ministry of Trade and Commerce in India, the total import of crude oil and allied products in November 2018 stood at the US $ 13.49 billion which had increased by 56.55 percent in rupee terms to that of US $ 9.55 billion in November 2017. The Global Brent Price ($/bbl) had also increased by 4.16% in November 2018 in comparison to 2017, as per a World Bank Report[vi]. Majority of India’s crude oil requirements are dealt by imports from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran and Qatar (majorly Natural Gas). They are also bought at different prices from the same region. One has to note that price factor is crucial and strategic as India is a growing economy and a prudent consumer of petroleum and oil products which directly affects day-to-day needs. It must be duly noted that Indian Economy runs on its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is indeed directly influenced by fluctuations in crude oil prices. Quoting J.B. Say, “Supply creates its own Demand” is very evident in this scenario[vii]. Energy Security is a necessity for a nation like India where Malthus’s theory on Demography is a boon and a bane at the same time[viii].
According to World’s Top Exports statistics, India is positioned at the top in crude oil importers list in 2017 consuming around 6.9 percent of the world’s production[ix]. The average cost at which India purchases petroleum, oil and allied products stand at Rs.33,300 per ton in 2018. India imported around 48.9 lakh ton ((~) 41 million barrel) from Iraq this year at a cost of Rs.32,100 per ton which is cheaper than the average price at which India purchases in the global level[x]. However, it is estimated that one-third of the crude oil reserves lay in the Iraqi Kurdistan region and it would be cheaper for India to purchase directly from the regional Government. This is a viable option for India as the Turkish Mediterranean port of Ceyhan could be a possible transit for import of crude oil[xi]. Being part of major international economic groups and forums, India is also an emerging economy from the developing world facing multiple challenges. The country has a humungous limitation in proper usage of conventional sources of energy. India over the last few months has been actively showing signs of greater interest in the region. The recent meet of Indian businessmen with the Regional Government of Iraqi Kurdistan is an extension to India’s policy in the West Asian region.
References
[i] An Indian Commercial Delegation Visited Erbil . (2018, December 17). Retrieved December 19, 2018, from Erbil Chamber of Commerce and Industry: http://www.erbilchamber.org/en/news/item/69326-an-indian-commercial-delegation-visited-erbil.html [ii] Brew, G. (2017, November 12). The Kurdish oil gamble has backfired. Retrieved December 24, 2018, from USA Today: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/energy/2017/11/12/kurdish-oil-gamble-has-backfired/846836001/ [iii] Maps-Discoveries and Development. (2018). Retrieved December 19, 2018, from Ministry of Natural Resources, Kurdistan Regional Government: http://mnr.krg.org/index.php/en/oil/oil-maps?view=default [iv] Sulaivany, K. (2018, April 7). Kurdistan Region oil production consistent with over 10M bpd exported in March. Retrieved December 19, 2018, from Kurdistan24: http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/economy/afb6bc74-3570-48fa-8e79-390686e2c262 [v] Paraskova, T. (2018, November 5). Kurdistan Upgrades Oil Pipeline Export Capacity To 1 Million Bpd. Retrieved December 19, 2018, from Oil Price.com: https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Kurdistan-Upgrades-Oil-Pipeline-Export-Capacity-To-1-Million-Bpd.htm [vi]Press Release: India's Foreign Trade -November 2018. (2018, December 14). Retrieved December 24, 2018, from Economic Division, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India: http://commerce.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadedFile/NTESCL_636804098984727248_Press_Release_November_2018.pdf [vii] Blaug, M. (1997). Say's Law of Markets: What Did It Mean and Why Should We Care? Eastern Economic Journal , 23 (2), 231-235. [viii] Weir, D. R. (1991). Malthus’s Theory of Population. The World of Economics , 401-406. [ix]Workman, D. (2018, December 26). Crude Oil Imports by Country. Retrieved December 27, 2018, from World's Top Exports : http://www.worldstopexports.com/crude-oil-imports-by-country/ [x] Imports. (2018, May). Retrieved December 19, 2018, from Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India: http://commerce.gov.in/analytics/ [xi] Davison, J., Rasheed, A., & Zhdannikov, D. (2018, November 4). Iraqi Kurds say upgrade raises oil pipeline capacity to 1 million bpd. Retrieved December 19, 2018, from Reuters: https://in.reuters.com/article/iraq-oil/iraqi-kurds-say-upgrade-raises-oil-pipeline-capacity-to-1-million-bpd-idINKCN1N90MR Image Source: Official website of Ministry of Natural Resources, Kurdistan Regional Government
