Abstract
The multi-layered structure of Pakistan’s hybrid model of governance, wherein the extra-constitutional authorities of an entrenched security establishment, external patronage, and internal religious and feudal networks influence the nominally elected institutions and selected political leaders, impedes development, and regional peace. This paper examines how the concentration of power outside democratic institutions has ensured political instability, destroyed economic sustainability, encouraged radicalisation, and produced a polarised, fragmented society. It argues that the persistent use of proxy actors, selective constitutionalism, and securitised national narratives has produced internal fragmentation while exporting insecurity across South Asia. By analysing historical evolution, institutional dynamics, and contemporary challenges, the paper assesses the implications of Pakistan’s governance trajectory for continued internal fragility, expanding regional security challenges, and implications for world peace.
Keywords: Regional Security, Military Establishment, Islamic Networks, Hybrid Governance
